Using the Library for Literary Criticism

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Hello! You are about to begin the TCC Trinity River Library's tutorial on finding and using literary criticism. This tutorial involves a scenario in which you help someone get started with their research. Who do you want to help? Think of a person you like. Enter their name in the textbox: <<textbox "$player_name" "">> When you're ready, click [[Start|Home]]. <<set $player_name = $player_name.trim()>> <<if $player_name eq "">> <<set $player_name = "Nameless One">> <<endif>> <<set $topics to []>>

$player_name is writing a research paper on the the book //Frankenstein//, and they could use some help brainstorming for their paper. Will you help them? [[Sure!]] [[Ugh, do I have to?]]

Thanks, you're a lifesaver! $player_name thinks the story of //Frankenstein// is pretty cool, and they are interested in analyzing it from three different aspects. Which aspect do you think they should write about? <<silently>> $article[0].title $article[1].title $article[2].title <<for _i to 0; _i lt $article.length; _i++>> <<set $topiclist to $topics.pushUnique($article[_i].topic)>> $topics[_i] <</for>> $topics $topiclist <</silently>> [[$topics[0]|Topic 1]] [[$topics[1]|Topic 2]] [[$topics[2]|Topic 3]]

$player_name doesn’t really want to write their paper either, but they need to do well in the class. They still appreciate your help. [[I guess I'll help.|Sure!]]

<<set $path to $topics[0]>> $player_name agrees, how monstrosity is presented is really interesting. But how do they make that a thesis statement? What do they even want to write about it? You suggest seeing what other people have written about the novel and $path to maybe jumpstart some ideas. Where should $player_name start first? [[Google]] [[Wikipedia]] [[The Library website]]

<<set $path to $topics[1]>> $player_name agrees, there's a lot of interesting points about the science that brings the monster to life. But how do they make that a thesis statement? What do they even want to write about it? You suggest seeing what other people have written about the novel and $path to maybe jumpstart some ideas. Where should $player_name start first? [[Google]] [[Wikipedia]] [[The Library website]]

<<set $path to $topics[2]>> $player_name agrees, //Frankenstein// makes a lot of interesting points when it comes to gender roles and definitions of humanity. But how do they make that a thesis statement? What do they even want to write about it? You suggest seeing what other people have written about the novel and $path to maybe jumpstart some ideas. Where should $player_name start first? [[Google]] [[Wikipedia]] [[The Library website]]

Hint, who wrote this tutorial for you? <<back "Try again.">>

Wikipedia is only going to tell you about the story, not give you much in the way of analysis. <<back "Try again.">>

Ding ding ding! "You tell them to open a new browser and go to https://library.tccd.edu. [[Cool, so what do we do now?]]

You both open the library website, and scroll down to the catalog search and database menus. <img src="homepage.png" alt="Screenshot of TCCD Library homepage, showing both the TCC Catalog search box and the TCC Article Databases dropdown menus"> $player_name looks at you and asks: "Ok, now what?" You explain that the library catalog is a way to see everything the library has, whereas an article database only has articles that have to do with a given subject, like space travel, which is what you're working on. Where do you tell $player_name to start first? <<set $articles to []>> <<set $keywords to []>> <<set $article_list to []>> [[Now, we search the catalog!]] [[Now, we search the article database!]]

You direct $player_name to use the catalog search on the left. Because your assignment needs peer-reviewed articles, you direct them to select the Article Databases box to highlight it in blue before starting to search. <img src="catalog.png" alt="Screenshot of TCCD Library homepage, TCC Catalog search box with Article Databases menu box highlighted"> Since you're both interested in finding out what scholars have said about Frankenstein and $path, you use those as your keywords. <<set $search to "catalog">> [[Let's look at the search results.|catalog Results]]

You direct $player_name to choose one of the databases listed under the Subject heading, and they select JSTOR. <img src="jstor.png" alt="Screenshot of TCCD Library homepage, TCC Article Databases menu 'By Subject - List of Databases' with JSTOR option selected"> Since you're both interested in finding out what scholars have said about Frankenstein and $path, you use those as your keywords. <<set $search to "database">> [[Let's check out the search results.|database Results]]

Here's a few of the articles that JSTOR listed in your search results. Do any of these sound relevant to your discussion of the Frankenstein and its relationship to $path? You can click the title of an article to read its abstract to find out more and select it for possible future use in $player_name's paper. Please select at least two articles before moving forward. <> <<if $path is $topics[0]>> <<display [[Topic 0 Articles]]>> <<elseif $path is $topics[1]>> <<display [[Topic 1 Articles]]>> <<else>> <<display [[Topic 2 Articles]]>> <</if>> <<if $articles.length > 1 >> [[I've got my articles, now what?]] <<else>> [[None of these articles look relevant. Now what?]] <</if>> <>

<> <<for _i to 0; _i lt $article.length; _i ++>> <<if ($article[_i].topic == $topics[0]) and ($article[_i].search.includes("database", 0))>> <<run $article_list.push($article[_i])>> <<link `$article[_i].title` `"Article" + [_i]`>><</link>> <<else>> <<run $article_list.push("filler")>> <</if>> <</for>> <>

<> <<for _i to 0; _i lt $article.length; _i ++>> <<if ($article[_i].topic == $topics[1]) and ($article[_i].search.includes("database", 0))>> <<run $article_list.push($article[_i])>> <<link `$article[_i].title` `"Article" + [_i]`>><</link>> <<else>> <<run $article_list.push("filler")>> <</if>> <</for>> <>

<> <<for _i to 0; _i lt $article.length; _i ++>> <<if ($article[_i].topic == $topics[2]) and ($article[_i].search.includes("database", 0))>> <<run $article_list.push($article[_i])>> <<link `$article[_i].title` `"Article" + [_i]`>><</link>> <<else>> <<run $article_list.push("filler")>> <</if>> <</for>> <>

''You chose the following articles:'' <<for _i to 0; _i lt $articles.length; _i++>> $articles[_i] <</for>> ''You also chose the following words from each of the article abstracts:'' <<for _i to 0; _i lt $keywords.length; _i++>> $keywords[_i] <</for>> Once you have enough articles to start, you can look at themes found within those articles to inform your paper's direction or even thesis statement. [[Yes, I want to start experimenting with different ideas from my articles.]]

Sometimes a title can be misleading. Try looking at the article's abstract. If it still doesn't look relevant, then try asking a different question. <<if $path == $topics[0]>> When looking at the relationship of the monster to $topics[0], consider any moments where the monster meets or defies expectations. - How does $topics[0] influence the story? - At what points do you see $topics[0] appear in the story? - Would the story be any different if any references to $topics[0] were removed? If you think any of the articles might answer some of these questions, consider keeping them. <<elseif $path == $topics[1]>> When looking at the relationship of the monster to $topics[1], consider any moments where the monster meets or defies expectations. - How does $topics[1] influence the story? - At what points do you see $topics[1] appear in the story? - Would the story be any different if any references to $topics[1] were removed? If you think any of the articles might answer some of these questions, consider keeping them. <<else>> When looking at the relationship of the monster to $topics[2], consider any moments where the monster meets or defies expectations. - How does $topics[2] influence the story? - At what points do you see $topics[2] appear in the story? - Would the story be any different if any references to $topics[2] were removed? If you think any of the articles might answer some of these questions, consider keeping them. <</if>> <<back>>

To help out $player_name, you'll need to know a little bit more about their assignment. $player_name is working on a literary analysis. This means they will need to discuss how the themes, devices, characters, and other parts of the novel //Frankenstein// relate to a larger argument about their interpretation of the book. If you want to learn more, the Purdue Online Writing Center has a [[brief presentation about literary analysis.|https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/teacher_and_tutor_resources/teaching_resources/writing_a_literary_analysis_presentation.html]] [[Sounds like a plan. Let's get going.|Topic Choices]]

''So if we start with a statement like this:'' "The relationship between Frankenstein's monster and $path explores... or "The relationship between Frankenstein's monster and $path influences... ''We can try plugging in some of the keywords we found from the abstract.'' Which creates the following couple of sentences: <<for _i to 0; _i lt $keywords.length; _i++>> - The relationship between Frankenstein's monster and $path explores $keywords[_i]... <</for>> <<for _i to 0; _i lt $keywords.length; _i++>> - The relationship between Frankenstein's monster and $path influences $keywords[_i]... <</for>> Some of the grammar may be off, but it's the start of a statement you're making about the book. You can then finish the statement with why you think this is the case. Even better, you already selected $articles.length articles that you can cite for this paper. [[You've got this.|Got it. This is the best ever.]]

Cool. $player_name gives you a high five and feels ten times more confident about writing their paper. Thanks for helping $player_name! -- The hope is that this helps you become a little more familiar with the process of seeing weird, seemingly unrelated article titles, and finding ways to connect them both to your topic and to your thesis statement. You can use these strategies for more than just a humanities paper. Any topic you may be looking for information on, you can use the article abstracts to find how it might relate to your topic.

From the search results page, you add a couple of filters from the left sidebar: - Resource type = articles - Publication date = 2000 - 2020 You can click the title of an article to read its abstract to find out more and select it for possible future use in $player_name's paper. Please select at least two articles before moving forward. <> <<if $path is $topics[0]>> <<display [[Catalog Topic 0 Articles]]>> <<elseif $path is $topics[1]>> <<display [[Catalog Topic 1 Articles]]>> <<else>> <<display [[Catalog Topic 2 Articles]]>> <</if>> <<if $articles.length > 1 >> [[I've got my articles, now what?]] <<else>> [[None of these articles look relevant. Now what?]] <</if>> <>

<> <<for _i to 0; _i lt $article.length; _i ++>> <<if ($article[_i].topic == $topics[0]) and ($article[_i].search.includes("catalog", 0))>> <<run $article_list.push($article[_i])>> <<link `$article[_i].title` `"Article" + [_i]`>><</link>> <<else>> <<run $article_list.push("filler")>> <</if>> <</for>> <>

<> <<for _i to 0; _i lt $article.length; _i ++>> <<if ($article[_i].topic == $topics[1]) and ($article[_i].search.includes("catalog", 0))>> <<run $article_list.push($article[_i])>> <<link `$article[_i].title` `"Article" + [_i]`>><</link>> <<else>> <<run $article_list.push("filler")>> <</if>> <</for>> <>

<> <<for _i to 0; _i lt $article.length; _i ++>> <<if ($article[_i].topic == $topics[2]) and ($article[_i].search.includes("catalog", 0))>> <<run $article_list.push($article[_i])>> <<link `$article[_i].title` `"Article" + [_i]`>><</link>> <<else>> <<run $article_list.push("filler")>> <</if>> <</for>> <>

Here's the citation and abstract for this article: ''Citation:'' $article_list[0].citation ''Abstract:'' $article_list[0].abstract [[Yes, this article seems relevant. Let's keep it.|keyword0][$articles.push($article_list[0].title)]] <<back "Not interested, go back to the search results.">>

Here's the citation and abstract for this article: ''Citation:'' $article_list[2].citation ''Abstract:'' $article_list[2].abstract [[Yes, this article seems relevant. Let's keep it.|Keywords2][$articles.push($article_list[2].title)]] <<back "Not interested, go back to the search results.">>

Here's the citation and abstract for this article: ''Citation:'' $article_list[1].citation ''Abstract:'' $article_list[1].abstract [[Yes, this article seems relevant. Let's keep it.|Keywords1][$articles.push($article_list[1].title)]] <<back "Not interested, go back to the search results.">>

Here's the citation and abstract for this article: ''Citation:'' $article_list[3].citation ''Abstract:'' $article_list[3].abstract [[Yes, this article seems relevant. Let's keep it.|Keywords3][$articles.push($article_list[3].title)]] <<back "Not interested, go back to the search results.">>

''Abstract:'' $article_list[0].abstract From the abstract above, which word or phrase seems most relevant to $player_name's interest in Frankenstein's monster and $path? <> <<set _articles to Object.keys($article_list)>> <<for _i to 0; _i lt _articles.length; _i++>> <<if $article_list[_articles[0]].keywords[_i] and $search == "catalog">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[0]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|catalog Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <<elseif $article_list[_articles[0]].keywords[_i] and $search == "database">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[0]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|database Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <</if>> <</for>> <> <<back>>

''Abstract:'' $article_list[1].abstract From the abstract above, which word or phrase seems most relevant to $player_name's interest in Frankenstein's monster and $path? <> <<set _articles to Object.keys($article_list)>> <<for _i to 0; _i lt _articles.length; _i++>> <<if $article_list[_articles[1]].keywords[_i] and $search == "catalog">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[1]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|catalog Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <<elseif $article_list[_articles[1]].keywords[_i] and $search == "database">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[1]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|database Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <</if>> <</for>> <> <<back>>

''Abstract:'' $article_list[2].abstract From the abstract above, which word or phrase seems most relevant to $player_name's interest in Frankenstein's monster and $path? <> <<set _articles to Object.keys($article_list)>> <<for _i to 0; _i lt _articles.length; _i++>> <<if $article_list[_articles[2]].keywords[_i] and $search == "catalog">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[2]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|catalog Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <<elseif $article_list[_articles[2]].keywords[_i] and $search == "database">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[2]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|database Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <</if>> <</for>> <> <<back>>

''Abstract:'' $article[3].abstract From the abstract above, which word or phrase seems most relevant to $player_name's interest in Frankenstein's monster and $path? <> <<set _articles to Object.keys($article_list)>> <<for _i to 0; _i lt _articles.length; _i++>> <<if $article_list[_articles[3]].keywords[_i] and $search == "catalog">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[3]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|catalog Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <<elseif $article_list[_articles[3]].keywords[_i] and $search == "database">> <<set $temp_keyword to $article_list[_articles[3]].keywords[_i]>> <<capture $temp_keyword>> - [[$temp_keyword|database Results][$keywords.push($temp_keyword)]] <</capture>> <</if>> <</for>> <> <<back>>

<<set $article = [{ "Number": "Article 1", "title": "Monstrosity, Suffering, Subjectivity, and Sympathetic Community in //Frankenstein// and \"The Structure of Torture\"", "abstract": "Mary Shelley's 1818 version of //Frankenstein// and Elaine Scarry's //The Body in Pain// share an interest in the essential makeup of individual identity and its dependence on communal recognition. Scarry's model describes a process wherein the application of physical pain reverses the progress of individual self-extension, driving a victim from the larger conceptual world and back into a solipsistic bodily sensation of pain. The victim is then forced to facilitate the annihilation of his identity through acquiescence to the verbal component of torture, wherein he is required to \"confess\" or otherwise \"betray\" himself. The process as a whole acts as a medium for the torturer's performance of power. By mapping the experience of the Creature in //Frankenstein// onto this model, the narrative can be read as a relentless process of annihilation that culminates in the Creature's embodiment of the appellation \"monster\" in contravention of his noble aspirations and desire \"to be participated\" in human community. Frankenstein complicates Scarry's model by resisting the unambiguous moral divide between innocent-victim and culpable-torturer. In //Frankenstein//, the torture process does not occur in a closed system; it unfolds in parallel to the Creature's efforts toward self-extension and identity formation. Taken in concert, //Frankenstein// and Scarry's \"The Structure of Torture\" suggest how an individual forms an identity in collaboration with, or in response to, community. Further, both individuals and the community at large bear responsibility for the world which comes into being through their interactions.", "topic": "monstrosity", "citation": "Bernatchez, Josh. \"Monstrosity, Suffering, Subjectivity, and Sympathetic Community in Frankenstein and \'The Structure of Torture.\'\" Science Fiction Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, 2009, pp. 205–216. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40649956. Accessed 11 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["torture","individual identity","power", "community"], "search": ["catalog","database"] }, { "Number": "Article 2", "title": "Being-becoming-monster: Mirrors and Mirroring in Graphic Frankenstein Narratives", "abstract": "I discuss several mirror scenes in Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein// to demonstrate what I call being-becoming-monster, a phrase meant to emphasize that the being’s monstrosity is not an attribute of his beingness but emerges in relation to the gaze of others and his own view of himself through the eyes of others. I then perform an interior duplication of my own analysis by turning to reanimations of these mirror scenes in two graphic Frankenstein narratives—first, //Frankenstein: The Graphic Novel//, part of a series that makes classic novels more appealing to young readers, and second, comic artist Bernie Wrightson’s illustrated edition of Shelley’s novel. In the spirit of Shelley's text and the creature it amalgamates, I assemble many component parts—//mise en abyme//, textual and graphic mirror scenes, animation and self-reflection, sympathy and ill feeling—in order to consider the comorbid conditions of the Creature's being-becoming-monster and Frankenstein's becoming ill.", "topic": "monstrosity", "citation": "Diedrich, Lisa. \"Being-Becoming-Monster: Mirrors and Mirroring in Graphic Frankenstein Narratives.\" Literature and Medicine, vol. 36, no. 2, 2018, pp. 388-411. ProQuest, https://ezp.tccd.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/being-becoming-monster-mirrors-mirroring-graphic/docview/2177207165/se-2?accountid=7079, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2018.0020. ", "search": "catalog", "keywords": ["mirroring","nature of humanity","becoming or transformation"] }, { "Number": "Article 3", "title": "An Age of Frankenstein: Monstrous Motifs, Imaginative Capacities, and Assisted Reproductive Technologies.", "abstract": "Using approaches from Science and Technology Studies (STS), political theory, and literary criticism, this paper investigates the use of monstrous motifs in British approaches to the governance of reproductive technologies and the role of the literary imagination as an \"anticipatory\" governance capacity in thinking through new and emerging technologies. The analysis is divided into three cases. The first case discusses the social and scientific context from which //Frankenstein// (1818) emerged. It draws from insights in literary criticism to explore motifs related to reproduction, birth, and monstrosity within the text and Mary Shelley's own life. The second case discusses the context surrounding the publication of Aldous Huxley's //Brave New World// (1932). It serves as a transition, linking Shelley and Frankenstein to modern considerations of reproduction and technology. The third case examines the context leading up to the birth of \"test-tube baby\" Louise Brown in 1978 and the how the stories, metaphors, and themes generated by //Frankenstein// and //Brave New World// permeated the debates around the innovation of reproductive technologies in Britain.", "topic": "science", "citation": "Conley, Shannon N. \"An Age of Frankenstein: Monstrous Motifs, Imaginative Capacities, and Assisted Reproductive Technologies.\" Science Fiction Studies, vol. 45, no. 2, July 2018, pp. 244–259. EBSCOhost, https://ezp.tccd.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=130381152&site=ehost-live&scope=site", "search": "catalog", "keywords": ["technology","reproduction","artificial"] }, { "Number": "Article 4", "title": "The Posthuman that Could Have Been: Mary Shelley's Creature", "abstract": "At the very core of Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein//, the Creature meets his maker, acquaints him – and, consequently, the reader – with the narrative of his miserable life, and entreats him to make a female companion with whom he can share his life. Although Victor admits to having been moved by the Creature's eloquence and fine sensations, he reluctantly succumbs to his plea only to destroy the female before completing her, afraid that this new species might pose a threat to the survival of his own. In the encounter of these two species, however, only one seems to have truly \"met\" the other: the Creature has indeed become with his maker in a way that Victor fails. Given that the dominant narrative point of view up until that moment had been Victor's, readers of the novel have the opportunity of having their ignorance enriched regarding the Creature straight from the Other's mouth, this multiple narrative thus enabling them to take Victor's creation as far more than the monster he sees. Indeed, I would argue that readers do \"meet\" the Creature while his creator cannot. Taking this central part of the novel as a starting point, this essay will explore the coexistence of transhuman and posthuman discourses in Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein//, working mainly with the 1818 text. In expressing his desire to create an improved species, rendering \"man invulnerable to any but a violent death\", Victor echoes the transhuman discourses of improvement of the human race, while remaining of this transitory stage, unable to make the transition to the posthuman phase which would grant humanness to his Creature, irrespective of his appearance. In failing to do so, I will explore whether he is also preventing the Creature to become truly posthuman.", "topic": "monstrosity", "citation": "Carretero-González, Margarita. \"The Posthuman That Could Have Been: Mary Shelley's Creature.\" Relations, vol. 4, no. 4.1, LED Edizioni Universitarie, 2016, pp. 53–64, doi:10.7358/rela-2016-001-carr.", "keywords": ["humanity","creation","identity"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 5", "title": "Born This Way: Reading Frankenstein with Disability", "abstract": "Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's //Frankenstein// is essential reading in the literature of disability. Rejected and abandoned by a creator who manufactured him to be beautiful, the Creature's plotline suggests a parent's abandonment of a child with unexpected disabilities and later denial of the disabled adult's sexual and reproductive agency. The Creature's first-person narrative of rejection, exclusion, and stigma suggests an experience of learning to inhabit a strictly limited, socially constructed disability identity. Often read as a story about the bioethics of medical and scientific research, Frankenstein has even greater value as a text about the social construction of disability.", "topic": "monstrosity", "citation": "Martha, Stoddard H. \"Born this Way: Reading Frankenstein with Disability.\" Literature and Medicine, vol. 36, no. 2, 2018, pp. 372-387. ProQuest, https://ezp.tccd.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/born-this-way-reading-frankenstein-with/docview/2177208354/se-2?accountid=7079, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2018.0019.", "keywords": ["humanity","creation","disability"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 6", "title": "Daddy Issues: Parental Consent and Scientific Responsibility in Shelley's Frankenstein", "abstract": "Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein// provides an important framework for thinking about modern medical ethics problems, such as those posed by the cases of Charlie Gard and Stephanie Ann Beauclair (Baby Fae). The novel also poses problems we are only now coming to understand in their full complexity on its bicentennial, such as how to resolve questions of agency possessed by beings composed of multiple parts whose donors did not give consent for their use. This article addresses these questions through a close reading of the novel and a historical review of scientific and medical experimentation, and asks what we, in our \"era of miracle and wonder . . . when medicine is magical and magical is art\" might do now to make a better, more just life for \"the baby with the baboon heart\" (Paul Simon and Forere Mothoeloa, \"Boy in the Bubble,\" Graceland, Warner Brothers, 1986).", "topic": "science", "citation": "Kavey, Allison B. \"Daddy Issues: Parental Consent and Scientific Responsibility in Shelley's Frankenstein.\" Literature and Medicine, vol. 36, no. 2, 2018, pp. 495-519. ProQuest, https://ezp.tccd.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/daddy-issues-parental-consent-scientific/docview/2177206395/se-2?accountid=7079, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2018.0024.", "keywords": ["experimentation","ethics","technology"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 7", "title": "Facing the Pariah of Science: The Frankenstein Myth as a Social and Ethical Reference for Scientists ", "abstract": "Since its first publication in 1818, Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus// has transcended genres and cultures to become a foundational myth about science and technology across a multitude of media forms and adaptations. Following in the footsteps of the brilliant yet troubled Victor Frankenstein, professionals and practitioners have been debating the scientific ethics of creating life for decades, never before have powerful tools for doing so been so widely available. This paper investigates how engaging with the Frankenstein myth may help scientists gain a more accurate understanding of their own beliefs and opinions about the social and ethical aspects of their profession and their work. The paper presents findings from phenomenological interviews with twelve scientists working on biotechnology, robotics, or artificial intelligence projects. The results suggest that the Frankenstein myth, and the figure of Victor Frankenstein in particular, establishes norms for scientists about what is considered unethical and dangerous in scientific work. The Frankenstein myth both serves as a social and ethical reference for scientists and a mediator between scientists and the society. Grappling with the cultural ubiquity of the Frankenstein myth prepares scientists to face their ethical dilemmas and create a more transparent research agenda. Meanwhile, by focusing on the differences between real scientists and the imaginary figure of Victor Frankenstein, scientists may avoid being labeled as dangerous individuals, and could better conceptualize the potential societal and ethical perceptions and implications of their research.", "topic": "science", "citation": "Nagy, Peter, et al. \"Facing the Pariah of Science: The Frankenstein Myth as a Social and Ethical Reference for Scientists.\" Science & Engineering Ethics, vol. 26, no. 2, Apr. 2020, pp. 737–759. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s11948-019-00121-3.", "keywords": ["scientists","ethics","technology"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 8", "title": "Home is Where Mamma Is: Reframing the Science Question in Frankenstein", "abstract": "The article analyzes the use of science and technology in the novel //Frankenstein// by Mary Shelley, specifically focusing on the ways the novel possibly aims to subvert gender hierarchies inherent in the study of modern science. The author presents a brief analysis of previous feminist interpretations of the novel. Emphasis is given to the ways in which Shelley engages with Romantic and Enlightenment thought concerning femininity, masculinity, and the separation of nature and culture. Shelley's challenging of 19th-century women's domesticity is discussed.", "topic": "feminism", "citation": "Banerjee, Suparna. \"Home Is Where Mamma Is: Reframing the Science Question in Frankenstein.\" Women’s Studies, vol. 40, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 1–22. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/00497878.2011.527783.", "keywords": ["gender","domesticity","technology"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 9", "title": "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: an orphaned author's dream and journey toward integration.", "abstract": "The author examines unconscious links between Mary Shelley's internal conflicts and life experiences and what may have been their manifestations in the fictionalized characters she created in //Frankenstein//. The dream that inspired Shelley's //Frankenstein// is also analyzed as an account of her repetitive psychic struggles and a rich source of imagery driving the development of her novel. The author proposes that both dream and novel may have functioned to provide Shelley with a source of discharge, solace, and eventual acceptance of her losses.", "topic": "feminism", "citation": "D’Amato, Barbara. \"Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: An Orphaned Author’s Dream and Journey toward Integration.\" Modern Psychoanalysis, vol. 34, no. 1, Jan. 2009, pp. 117–135. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=52687179&site=ehost-live&scope=site.", "keywords": ["orphans","family connections","acceptance"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 10", "title": "Challenging the Biological: The Fantasy of Male Birth as a Nineteenth-Century Narrative of Ethical Failure.", "abstract": "The article discusses several nineteenth-century literary works focused on the discourse concerning the female, maternal body, scientific discourse of the progress specifically relating to the biological processes of conception, pregnancy and childbirth. Science and technology is discussed as a substitute for the female body and the male scientist depicts his hostile attitude towards nature as well as his rejection of the feminine.", "topic": "feminism", "citation": "Benziman, Galia. \"Challenging the Biological: The Fantasy of Male Birth as a Nineteenth-Century Narrative of Ethical Failure.\" Women’s Studies, vol. 35, no. 4, June 2006, pp. 375–395. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=21076555&site=lrc-live.", "keywords": ["gender","conception","pregnancy"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 11", "title": "Frankenstein and Chemistry", "abstract": "This essay investigates Mary Shelley's use of contemporary chemical discourse in Frankenstein. Shelley states that Victor Frankenstein studies \"chemistry, in the most comprehensive sense of the term,\" as he prepares, and then animates, his Creature. Though readers are never allowed to know the secrets of Victor's practice, this essay suggests that Shelley engages carefully with the work of Humphry Davy and other early nineteenth-century chemists. A detailed investigation of the chemical discourse of the novel reveals that Victor's animation of the Creature uses chemistry in a range of ways, and that he does not merely shock the creature into life using galvanic electricity. Rather, the novel suggests the gothic uncertainty at the heart of even Davy’s cutting-edge chemical research during this period, an uncertainty which Shelley exploits in her representation of Victor's science.", "topic": "science", "citation": "Fairclough, Mary. \"Frankenstein and Chemistry.\" Literature and Medicine, vol. 36, no. 2, 2018, pp. 269-286. ProQuest, https://ezp.tccd.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/frankenstein-chemistry/docview/2177208304/se-2?accountid=7079, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2018.0014. ", "keywords": ["chemistry","animation","representations"], "search": "catalog" }, { "Number": "Article 12", "title": "Monsters of modernity: Frankenstein and modern environmentalism", "abstract": "The story of Frankenstein is often interpreted and mobilized as a powerful and popular symbol of concerns over the risks and dangers of science, progressive modernity and its ensuing technological creations, and – as in the recent GM 'Frankenstein food' debate – the dangers of 'messing with nature' or 'playing God'. Shelley's narrative is seen to symbolize Romantic fears, offering a dystopic tale of certain demise, one that demonizes technology in the form of Frankenstein's 'monster'. Such interpretations and mobilizations align the myth of Frankenstein with the neo-Romantic, conservative, nostalgic and counter-modern currents of elements of deep green, ecobiocentric ideology. In contrast, and in the context of contemporary environmental discourses, this paper offers a reading of //Frankenstein// as a critical questioning of both anti-Enlightenment Romanticism and anti-Enlightenment science that provides a framework for evaluating contemporary ecobiocentric ideals. //Frankenstein// is not an outdated tale. Shelley's novel is characterized and punctuated by a subtle and sophisticated appreciation of the vital role of social relations in determining the nature, direction, products and consequences of science and technology. The tale of Frankenstein presents a challenge to the usual anti-modernist, anti-science, pro-nature alignments of the Frankenstein myth, drawing our attention instead to important questions about what kind of socio-nature we want produced, by whom, for what purposes and under what conditions.", "topic": "science", "citation": "Hammond, Kim. \"Monsters of Modernity: Frankenstein and Modern Environmentalism.\" Cultural Geographies, vol. 11, no. 2, 2004, pp. 181–198. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44250971. Accessed 11 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["technology","anti-Enlightenment","socio-nature"], "search": "database" }, { "Number": "Article 13", "title": "The Persistence of the Frankenstein Myth: Organ Transplantation and Surrogate Motherhood", "abstract": "The myth of Prometheus embodied in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, has transformed into a powerful metaphor that has influenced conceptions of science and bioethics, especially of organ transplantation and assisted conception. The authors of this article employ auto-ethnographic accounts that draw on personal experience of organ transplantation and surrogate motherhood with assisted conception to examine the fear that \"mad\" scientists and audacious people will, through their hubris, attract calamitous consequences. It is evident that the myth of Frankenstein continues to influence constructions of science and technology.", "topic": "science", "citation": "Stubber, Claire, and Maggie Kirkman. \"The Persistence of the Frankenstein Myth: Organ Transplantation and Surrogate Motherhood.\" Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 99, no. 1, 2016, pp. 29–53. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/soundings.99.1.0029. Accessed 11 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["surrogacy","transplants","hubris"], "search": "database" }, { "Number": "Article 14", "title": "Facing the Ugly: The Case of \"Frankenstein\"", "abstract": "Whatever else can--and has--been said about Victor Frankenstein's monster, one thing cannot be denied: the creature is exceedingly ugly. But in what does this ugliness consist? Such a question is deceptively simple; any recourse to aesthetic theory is bound to come up empty. Traditional categories from the eighteenth century--the sublime, the beautiful, the picturesque--exclude the ugly, and though the grotesque (particularly prominent later in the nineteenth century) may at first seem related, it is never specifically invoked in //Frankenstein// and must not be confused with the ugly. While the etymological heritage of the grotesque combines both the comic and the horrific, the ugly lacks comic effect. In fact, aesthetically speaking, the ugly simply lacks. If it is mentioned at all, it is treated as a negative form of the beautiful: either as a lack of beauty in general or as a gap in the beautiful object.", "topic": "monstrosity", "citation": "Gigante, Denise. \"Facing the Ugly: The Case of 'Frankenstein.'\" ELH, vol. 67, no. 2, 2000, pp. 565–587. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30031925. Accessed 11 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["ugliness","grotesue","beauty"], "search": "database" }, { "Number": "Article 15", "title": "Reading the Cyborg in Mary Shelley's \"Frankenstein\"", "abstract": "Often cited as a founding text of science fiction as well as the touchstone for any text on the creation of wholly or partially artificial beings, Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein// has yet to be considered fully in the light of Haraway's radical cyborgology. The Creature, assembled from the parts of humans and animals and animated through th emiracle of modern science, appears in many ways to be just the sort of boundary-confusing cyborg Haraway finds so liberating. The fate of the \"Frankenstein monster\" as it makes its way into popular discourse suggests, however, that maintaining the radically subversive tensions necessary to the cyborg critique of binarism may be more difficult than simply embracing the free play of fluid identity.", "topic": "feminism", "citation": "Fuller, Sarah Canfield. \"Reading the Cyborg in Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein.'\" Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, vol. 14, no. 2 (54), 2003, pp. 217–227. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43308625. Accessed 11 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["identity","nonbinary","cyborg"], "search": "database" }, { "Number": "Article 16", "title": "Metaphysical Intersections in \"Frankenstein\": Mary Shelley's Theistic Investigation of Scientific Materialism and Transgressive Autonomy", "abstract": "Frankenstein is a speculative narrative that asks: what would happen if man created human life without the biologically and relationally necessary woman and with indifference to God? What if Adam were to reject his own Creator and create life after his own fleshly or material image? Mary Shelleys answer to these questions is not a triumphant humanist manifesto, nor is it an ironic subversion of a supposedly outmoded theistic perspective. Rather, she offers a philosophical nightmare revealing the horrific consequences of methodological naturalism taken to its logical conclusion. Frankenstein explores the ideological vacuum engendered by scientific materialism and examines the spiritual bankruptcy of replacing theism with secular humanism. Victor Frankensteins transgressive autonomy, grounded in scientific materialism, results in a reductionism that ultimately leads to existential despair, individual crisis, and communal disintegration.", "topic": "science", "citation": "Hogsette, David S. \"Metaphysical Intersections in 'Frankenstein': Mary Shelley's Theistic Investigation of Scientific Materialism and Transgressive Autonomy.\" Christianity and Literature, vol. 60, no. 4, 2011, pp. 531–559. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44314873. Accessed 11 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["religion","materialism","secular humanism"], "search": "database" }, { "Number": "Article 17", "title": "Responsible Frankensteins?", "abstract": "There are few novels that have been more interpreted and reimagined than //Frankenstein//, and it has become something of a cliche in bioethics--especially in debates about embryo research and reproductive technologies--to invoke Victor Frankenstein's hubris in \"playing God\" by creating a person out of inanimate matter. And yet, reading the story again two hundred years after its publication, we fnid that its moral teachings have been stubbornly ignored, or even inverted, by the scientists and ethicists who have the most to learn from it.", "topic": "science", "citation": "Foht, Brendan P. \"Responsible Frankensteins?\" The New Atlantis, no. 54, 2018, pp. 83–95. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/90021009. Accessed 11 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["technology","ethics","scientists"], "search": "database" }, { "Number": "Article 18", "title": "\"Passages\" in Mary Shelley's \"Frankenstein\": Toward a Feminist Figure of Humanity?", "abstract": "In this paper I wish to draw upon several ideas of \"passages\" in Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein// to compare masculine and female creation in terms of conventions, ideals, and practices. The question I would like to raise is whether Mary Shelley's work as a woman writer opens the way to a feminist figure of humanity such as argued for in Donna Haraway's essay, \"Ecce Homo, Ain't [Ar'n't] I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: The Human in a Post-Humanist Landscape.\"", "topic": "feminism", "citation": "Pon, Cynthia. \"'Passages' in Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein': Toward a Feminist Figure of Humanity?\" Modern Language Studies, vol. 30, no. 2, 2000, pp. 33–50. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3195378. Accessed 12 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["humanity","gender","creation"], "search": "database" }, { "Number": "Article 19", "title": "Horror's Twin: Mary Shelley's Monstrous Eve", "abstract": "As many critics have noticed, //Frankenstein// is one of the key Romantic \" readings\" of //Paradise Lost//. I want to argue here, however, that Mary Shelley's metaphysical thriller is in particular a fictionalized rendition of the significance of //paradise Lost// to women. Specifically, I believe that in //Frankenstein// Shelley takes what I have elsewhere defined as Milton's \"male culture myth\" at its full value, and rewrites it so as to clarify its deepest meanings for herself.", "topic": "feminism", "citation": "Gilbert, Sandra M. “Horror's Twin: Mary Shelley's Monstrous Eve.” Feminist Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 1978, pp. 48–73. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3177447. Accessed 12 Aug. 2021.", "keywords": ["myth","gender","creation"], "search": "database" } ]>>

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